88 blood is supplied to the brain principally by the internal carotid arteries with contributions from the cerebral and occipital arteries.
Arteries of gutteral pouh.
Endoscopic view of the nasopharynx with a catheter holing open the opening to the guttural pouch.
This area overlies the back of the throat and the larynx and is a complicated mixture of lymph nodes not shown below salivary.
Guttural pouch mycosis gpm is a fungal disease that is rare but potentially life threatening.
The blood to the horse s brain is supplied by the occipital and vertebral arteries but also mainly by the internal carotid artery.
The extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery travels through the medial compartment of.
Note the ossified rostral ventral part of the thyroid cartilage and the thyroid notch caudal to it.
Recently investigators determined that the equine guttural pouches function during selective brain cooling to maintain blood carried by the internal carotid arteries at a temperature below the core body temperature during hyperthermia induced by exercise.
In some instances fungal plaques may be multiple or diffuse.
Clinical signs arise from damage to the cranial nerves and the arteries within the mucosal lining of the guttural pouch.
It is caused by a fungus that infects the lining of the guttural pouch usually on the roof of the guttural pouch.
The three largest arteries supplying blood to the head the internal carotid the external carotid and the maxillary arteries all course through the guttural pouch.
The most common fungal organism associated with guttural pouch mycosis is aspergillus spp see aspergillosis.
The external carotid artery f and maxillary artery g are in the lateral pouch.
Parotid region viborg s triangle carotid artery and guttural pouch of the horse the area where a horse s head joins the neck just behind the line of the jaw is called the parotid area or viborg s triangle.
The infection can cause some deep damage to the arteries and nerves.
Unlike empyema pus does not build up in the guttural pouches and many of these horses can appear quite normal until quite suddenly either hemorrhage or cranial nerve damage becomes apparent.
The role played by the guttural pouches in the horse is still incompletely known but major advancements have been made by the works of baptiste and coworkers suggesting a major role of the guttural pouch in a brain cooling mechanism 8 9.
Gpm is of unknown pathogenesis currently and no predisposing factors have been identified.
Fungal plaque is usually located in the medial guttural pouch near the internal carotid artery.
Mycotic plaques in the guttural pouch are typically located on the caudodorsal aspect of the medial guttural pouch over the internal carotid artery.
The stylohyoid bone a divides the guttural pouch into medial b and lateral c compartments.
Finally the internal carotid artery lies within the caudal wall of the medial compartment while the external carotid artery and maxillary artery are located within the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch.
Aspergillus fumigatusis the most common isolate identified in cases of guttural pouch mycosis.
